Saturday, July 28, 2012

"The men are coming! The men are coming!" A summary of "When It Changed" by Joanna Russ



File:Avon Science Fiction Reader 1.jpg
Cover of the fantasy fiction magazine Avon Science 
Fiction Reader no. 1 (1951) 
featuring "The War of the Sexes" 
by Edmond Hamilton.
Source: Wikimedia Commons
On the planet Whileaway, there are no men. The women hardly notice because they have learned to survive, thrive, and reproduce without penetrative intercourse. That is not to say the women of Whileaway do not enjoy intercourse, but they enjoy it with other women, who they take as wives in a marriage of equality.
The narrator, Janet, of Russ's short story appears from the beginning of the story to be a man. It is not until later that the reader understands that the main viewpoint is a woman, a woman speaking of winning duels, wielding guns, and loving her wife, Kate, and their three collective daughters.
Four male astronauts land on Whileaway, and interrogate Janet and her family. “Where are all the people?” the men keep asking. Janet does not understand why they keep asking that, but then she sees that when the astronauts say 'people' they really mean 'men'. She tells the astronauts that the men died out six-hundred years ago. At this news, one of the astronauts gives a teary sigh and then says, “We're here now.”
Kate believes the men to be dangerous, and even tries to shoot one of them but Janet stops her. Later, Janet wishes she would have followed Kate's instincts and gotten rid of the newcomers. It dawns on her that the men are going to take over the planet of Whileaway, especially after one of them tells her that they need 'the cells of Whileaway'. She tells him that he can have all the cells he needs, but he smiles and tells her they cannot just be given the cells, they must be given through the act of penetrative intercourse (though he doesn't quite say it like that). He tells Janet the Whileaway kind of life is 'unnatural', and to make it natural once again, a dual-natured society must reign again. When Janet tells him that she already has a wife in Kate, the astronaut smiles and assumes that their relationship is based off of a mutually agreed need to survive monetarily. Actual love between two women is beyond the astronaut's understanding.
To the Whileaway women, the astronauts seem more like apes than like human men. Janet, Kate, and their daughters do not even find the men attractive. Janet asks her daughter if she would kiss a man, and her daughter scoffs and says she'd sooner kiss a toad.
The women of Whileaway are already dual-natured, even if the astronauts cannot see it. Janet thinks wistfully of her daughter going off for the traditional bear-hunt, like a right of passage for a Whileaway woman to become an adult. And Janet shares many traits that would be considered manly as she seems to protect her family, know how to use a gun, and duel to the death with other Whileaway women. At the same time, Janet loves her daughter and loves being a mother. Kate is not a 'weak' woman either, though she seems gentler than Janet. She does not like guns, and so it is a surprise when she grabs Janet's gun with ease and tries to shoot the invaders.
Whileaway women defy common stereotypes of women in our culture, and the way they perceive men (though exaggerated) serves as a good example of the exact chasms that separate the two genders.


Russ, Joanna. “When It Changed”. New York: Doubleday, 1972. Print.      

Thursday, June 21, 2012

Analyzing Philip K. Dick's "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?"


The future of 2020 is a rather bleak one on Earth. World War Terminus has dissolved all living animals and plants, leaving only radioactive dust in its wake. To meet the demand for organic life forms, robotic animals were created, along with human androids. Androids are used in the off-world colonies, but since they are virtually undetectable from humans in most every way, they are banned from Earth. The only thing that sets an android apart from a human is empathy. Androids do not feel empathy for living things, not even other androids. However, is it possible for an unemotional robotic human to evolve into a higher life form? Is it possible that all living things, mechanical or organic, share a similar spark and thus the right to live?

These are questions that android-bounty hunter Rick Deckard asks himself while on the quest to ‘retire’ six Nexus-6 androids in a single day. When he meets Rachel Rosen, a Nexus-6 android, her ability to mimic human emotions makes Deckard question his entire profession, and really, his entire outlook on life. Though, in the end, Deckard realizes that the lack of empathy in androids runs too deep. Humans and their ability to empathize with living things are what sets them apart from the mechanical intelligence of androids.

Life on Earth is sacred, mostly because of the after affects of World War Terminus. A new religion has sprung up called Mercerism. Mercerism promotes unity among humans, citing empathy as the greatest link from one human to another. Murders are unheard of (except when androids kill humans in off-world colonies), and the death of an animal is cause for a serious depression. Even the idea of killing an insect like a spider would be abhorrent to the future citizens described by Dick.

In Phillip K. Dick’s novel, there are parallels with other SF futuristic novels, like Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451. Both men have wives that are unsatisfied with their lives. In fact, in both novels, the wives and their displeasure serve as an extension of the main male character’s own dissatisfaction, almost like a foreshadowing of the unpleasantness to come. In the beginning of Dick’s novel, Deckard is happier (well, happier than his wife) and trying his best to help his wife out of her depression, but by the end, she is the one taking care of her husband as he is a broken man after retiring six andys.

As for the theme of communal human emotions in the novel, it ran in the same strain of the communal telepathic climate found in Olaf Stapledon’s Star Maker. The Earth setting described in Dick’s novel is a mirror comparison of the Utopian worlds found by the protagonist in Star Maker; citizens of Deckard’s Earth share their emotions through an empathy box, fusing their minds and emotions together. When Deckard comes home in a good mood, his wife implores him to share his mood with the world, telling him that it would be immoral not to.

As a reader, I kept expecting the world described by Dick to be a dystopian one, and in a way it is. People are given health and IQ tests, and if they do not pass, they are labeled as ‘special’, a term that prohibits them from mating or immigrating to off-world colonies. Another flaw of the world is the eventual ruin of Earth, as the radioactive ash is slowly covering (and devouring) everything. Through all of the prejudice and physical ruin of the Earth, the people of this futuristic setting manage to live peacefully with one another. It is sad to think that it took a nuclear war to make them understand the true value of life, and of each other. 

Dick, K., Philip. Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? New York: Doubleday, 1968. Print. 

Saturday, June 9, 2012

Preview of "Daughter of Zeus" by Red Harvey, coming soon


The glass hospital doors dissipated to allow the paramedics entrance. Once they crossed over the threshold, red lasers brought the faux glass back into place. The glossy white walls of the hospital held blinking interfaces promoting different drugs and med kits for the average citizen, chief among them ads for the Clean and Clear.
“Breathe easy, get your Clean and Clear today!”
On the screen, a State patron held up a clear tube with a small filter at the bottom. She put the tube to her mouth and pressed a green button, activating the vacuum-like power of the machine. In an instant, the tube went from white to light gray.
The doctor on-call hated the commercial. It ran every day, at least twenty times a day. There was no other ad to play, since Clean and Clear was the chief sponsor of the hospital. She could recite the ad slogan in her sleep, and even now, she said it under her breath as it ended.
“Breathe easy, get your Clean and Clear today!”
She approached the two paramedics, gesturing to the burden they had wheeled inside.
“What’s his story?”
One paramedic answered while the other kept wheeling their patient further into the hospital.“He suffered cardiac arrest, and I defibrillated him on the way over. Got a heartbeat on him, but he’s still out.”
From her front pocket, the doctor removed a white object the size of a pen. She bent over her patient to peer into his face. With one hand, the doctor opened the man’s eyelid, and with the other, she waved the pen across his unseeing eye. A green laser scanned his pupil. The doctor stepped back, holding up the pen. Along the side of it, a red holographic panel appeared. The panel yielded John Doe’s photo and background information: his religious affiliations, occupation, address, credit report, and net worth, in that order.
Both his credit and net worth were below average, which would have been fine, had it not been in combination with an “N/A” under religious affiliation. The doctor weighed all of the factors, and sighed.
“Sir, by law, I am required to offer you the option of Amnesty in lieu of payment. Should you wish to decline this offer, then you will be taken to an alternative hospital.”
Amazingly, the offer did little to rouse the unconscious man. The doctor shrugged.
“Alright. Take him to Tranquility.”
The second paramedic spoke. “Ah, c’mon ma’am. That’s over twenty minutes away, and we’ve got more people to pick up. This guy isn’t even awake, just take him.”
“Sorry, I can’t do that. You saw his I.D. scroll.”
“Yeah, I’m sure you’re real sorry.” The first paramedic replied.
“What was that?” The doctor narrowed her eyes.
She was a Prominent who didn’t like to be questioned. The paramedic sensed that and decided not to push the issue.
“Nothin’. We’re goin’.”
Both men wheeled the gurney towards the dissipating glass doors; now ya see ‘em, now ya don’t.
“Wouldn’t wanna report you boys for Un-diligent Conduct.” The doctor called after them.
In response, the men rolled their eyes. They were suddenly glad to drive away from the State hospital.
Inside, the doctor nudged the attendant nearest her. “You hear all that noise?”
The nurse nodded. “Everyone expects a free ride these days.”
****



Tranquility Hospital did not live up to its name. Unlike the waiting room at the State hospital, it was filled with patients in dire need. And unlike the State hospital, Tranquility did not have major sponsors. Gold Buyers and Quick Loan posters covered the walls.
The staff at Tranquility mirrored the dismal surroundings: peeling paint, dingy floors, and entry doors to the e.r. that slid open on a mechanical belt. There were no pristine counters, smiling nurses, or dissipating doors. What Tranquility did have was a steady influx of sick people.
When paramedics wheeled in the man the State hospital had refused, they were not received with prompt service. They were used to as much at Tranquility, and so, they felt little shame in parking their burden by the nearest dirty wall. They left the way they’d come in, all without saying a word to anyone about their arrival, their subsequent departure, or their patient’s condition.
Because he wasn’t bleeding or screaming, John Doe wasn’t a primary concern at Tranquility. Cutbacks in staff had forced Tranquility to reassess its definition of “patients in need upon arrival”. Gunshot wounds, c-plane collateral, and head traumas were patients in need. From a Tranquility point-of-view, John wasn’t currently in need.
He lay by the wall, unattended for ten minutes, twenty minutes, thirty minutes. Finally, a woman came over and wheeled him away. No one had paid attention to John’s presence thus far, and his departure went unnoticed as well.
The woman took him down an empty hallway not meant for patients. She stopped at a door marked “Staff Only”. Where a doorknob should have been, there was a flat gray pad. The woman touched her finger to the pad, but not to sync the lock with her interface. With her jeans and hooded sweatshirt, she didn’t fit the look of the Tranquility Hospital staff. Jeans or no, the door opened at her touch and she wheeled the man inside.
The room was full of storage boxes, utility supplies, and space to spare for a private conversation. After closing the door behind her, the woman perched on a stack of boxes. She assessed the sleeping man in front of her and made a decision. The room was silent until John Doe’s unconscious fart escaped his ass. A smell akin to rotting bacon filled the room and the woman coughed. When her lungs cleared, she touched a finger to the man’s chest. Her fingers emitted a blue spark.
John Doe was suddenly awake as he’d never been before in his life.
He looked around the room, and then at the woman. He didn’t ask “Where am I?” He didn’t ask “Who are you?” What he asked was:
“What’d you do to me?”
The woman didn’t look happy. “I did what I promised. Now that you know I’m serious, I hope you’ll tell me what I want to know.”
“I don’t remember, Cleary.”
From the look of the man, remembering was the last thing on his mind. He was clutching his chest and breathing shallowly. Every few seconds, his eyes kept scanning the room for an escape. The man’s well-being could nothing to Cleary. She was as narrow-minded in her pursuit of information as a Prominent.
“You remember.”
The man lay back on his cot, defeated. “Well, I know he moved, but that’s it.”
“Where?”
“I don’t know.”
“Where?” Cleary repeated.
A blue spark fired from her fingertips and she held it above John Doe’s heart. He whimpered. With the little bit of strength that remained in him, John crawled away from the heat of Cleary’s hand.
“Okay! He moved to Atlanta. That’s all I know!”
The heat continued to hover over John’s heart. “Atlanta’s a big fucking place. Where in Atlanta?”
“I don’t know! He moved there a long time ago. Met a cute girl, I heard. Maybe he got married, had some kids. Maybe he’s gay; it’s Atlanta after all. Hell if I know. That’s everything, I swear.” A small hole had burned through his shirt from the concentration of heat. “Please stop!”
Cleary withdrew her hand. “Why was it so hard to tell me all that the first time?”
“You’ll know when you meet the bastard.” John panted.
Cleary chuckled, but not because she was amused.
Everyone she had questioned had referred to her father by the name at some point in the conversation. When she finally met Matheson, Cleary thought she might just refer to him as “bastard” indefinitely. Calling him papa was certainly out of the question.
Bitch, John thought as Cleary left the storage room. The hospital bill he would incur was bound to cost him at least a year’s pay, if not more.
****



Theoretically, Cleary could have driven from Tranquility Hospital to Atlanta. She had the information she needed, and she could have moved on. There was something holding her back, and it wasn’t anything as blah as morals. No, Cleary’s real problem was money.
Six months with no job=stony-broke. Her empty pockets could barely fund a trip to Tranquility; Atlanta would have to wait. Unless Cleary was willing to cross a few more lines. Hell, she recently put a man into cardiac arrest. If she could do that, her next idea would be easy to pull off.
Cleary could have asked her family for the money, like a normal person, but she no longer rationalized as a normal person would. Asking for money would raise questions like
What is it for?
Where are you going?
 and
Why haven’t you been eating lately?
Better to get the money her way. Her mother was already worried about her behavior.  The rest of her various aunts and cousins followed her mother’s example. Regardless, she had manipulated them for information on Matheson.
It had taken her months of tedious conversations to extract the right names, but finally, Cleary had found a lead in Matheson’s friend, John. He had been unwilling to share what he knew, and that’s when she had gotten angry, over-reacting and putting the man into an electrically-induced coma. Her anger stemmed from her long-mounted frustration, in combination with the fact that John was the only person in town with useful intel. Though, Cleary never considered what she would do once she had what she needed to know.
Using her mind, Cleary put her car on the auto-pilot function to drive her back home. When she had parked the blue station wagon into her mother’s driveway, she stayed in the vehicle to mentally compose herself. A calm state of mind was a necessity for Cleary, otherwise she received questioning stares. Questioning stares could evolve into actual questions from Prominents, which could evolve into visits from Staties, which would then evolve into her disappearance to a work camp.
Lately, Cleary’s upset state of mind could be measured in her eyes. Not in a poetic way like Your eyes are as beautiful as two shining stars, but in a physical manifestation from her latent ability. Cleary flipped down the visor to check her eyes, and of course, they were a brilliant shade of blue rather than their usual hazel. Her eyes would return to their normal color in a few hours, but Cleary didn’t feel like sitting in the car to wait it out. She put on a pair of dark sunglasses.
The car’s power indicator was in the red anyway. Cleary went to plug the battery in the outlet, giving an absent look at the sky. Today it was a dark purple. If the particles in the air hadn’t been clogged with harmful pathogens, the amethyst hue would have been an incredible sight. As it was, the beauty of the poison sky made her long for a Clean and Clear. Her mother needed one badly. Her cough was getting worse, hoarse with blood and phlegm.
A passing observation plane (or o-plane as the kids called them) overhead shook the leaves in the trees as it flew past. Two more o-planes followed, the screech of their ascent loud and insistent. When new people moved into the neighborhood, it took them months to become acclimated to the noise of the o-planes. Time passed, and people became numb to the noise, finally realizing why the housing rates were so cheap in the particular district. O-planes were a part of every citizen’s life, but they mostly stayed out of sight, out of mind. It was the combat mission planes (or c-planes) that made the most noise. C-planes had been flying out of the nearby base more often.
 Two children passed by on their bikes. They didn’t wave, and neither did Cleary. It wasn’t a waving kind of neighborhood. One of the boys smiled at her. He had no front teeth, but it wasn’t a natural loss. Where his teeth had been, two brown spots remained. The boy’s appearance didn’t faze Cleary, though it had when she had first moved back. She had grown up in the area, and it had never seemed as bad as it did when she came back to it as an adult. The place hadn’t changed much; old tires and furniture in the streets, graffiti on the sidewalks, dead grass on every lawn. As the years had passed, the dilapidated conditions simply worsened, like a dead thing decaying.
As she walked on to the side of the house, Cleary saw her mother’s neighbor watching her and she mumbled under her breath the phrase, “sacra forda”. Her mother assured her it was a Latin phrase that translated to “holy pregnant cow”, but Cleary had never verified the claim. Like most of her mother’s phrases, she merely repeated them.
“Still driving that electric clap-trap from 2020, eh?” Harmon was locking up his car, a new truck with a 70-gallon gas tank.
If he spent more money on his home and less on Prominent toys, then his roof shingles wouldn’t be hanging off and his driveway wouldn’t split. Cleary mentioned none of this when she answered Harmon.
 “Yup. It’s easy to keep a car for forty plus years when it doesn’t need gasoline.” Cleary’s car had belonged to her mother when she had been a teenager.
Harmon was undeterred by Cleary’s dig since he had a few of his own to voice. “Well, I don’t need to tell you how you’re hurtin’ the oil industry, costin’ people their jobs.”
Old Harmon ranted about his Prominent talking points to anyone who would be unfortunate enough to listen. He was more annoying when he repeated his points, over and over, as if reiteration would make them factual.
Instead of ignoring him, or agreeing with him as most of her neighbors did, Cleary told him, “And your car’s ruining the planet. Of the both of us, I think I’m gonna sleep better tonight.”
Harmon squinted at her against the glare of the orange sun. After a moment, he smiled, though he it seemed to pain him.
“You sure have a silver tongue.”
She had another response ready, but it wouldn’t have done any good. In her mind, Cleary saw herself removing her glasses, showing off her unnatural eyes, and scaring the shit out of Harmon with a good light show. She could have fried his heart easily, and she thought about it.
In the end, Cleary didn’t bother with a reply.
Before she got to the front door, she heard Harmon say to her back, “Goddamn Tramp hippies.”

****

Saturday, June 2, 2012

"A Princess of Mars"- A novel where being a princess means being helpless

File:John Carter.svg is a former Virginian confederate officer. Penniless after the end of the Civil War, Carter is not without courage, honor, and a friend: James Powell. When Powell is taken by a band of Native Americans, Carter follows and finds his friend dead. He later takes refuge in a cave and is almost overtaken by the same band of Native Americans. Though, some noise or presence scares them off (maybe a foreign spacecraft; Burroughs never says) and when Carter next awakes, he is on the planet Mars.
The first sign of life Carter is exposed to are green men called the Tharks. They are a harsh sort of civilization, comparable to the culture of Spartans. They relish brutality, respect violence, and laugh only when these two things occur. Carter is lucky because he kills two of their chieftains, and gains the Tharks esteem, becoming a chieftain himself. His female mentor (all Tharks are raised by female mentors, not mothers or fathers) is Sola, and she shows him compassion and kindness. Carter’s other companion on Barsoom (the Thark word for Mars) is his dog-like companion, Woola.
File:Princess of Mars.jpg
Cover art by Frank Earle Schoonover
AC McClurg Publishing, 1917
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Carter finds out that there are other humanoids on Barsoom when he meets Dejah, a captive of the Tharks. She looks like an Earthling, but for her copper skin. Through her, he learns that Barsoom thrived over a thousand years ago, but due to failing resources, it fell into a state of disrepair ruled by the warring Tharks and other creatures.
A constant theme (and perhaps even a fear held by Burroughs) is the unjust nature of a communal civilization, as displayed by the Tharks. Personal possession is unheard of, unless it is something consequential like a blanket. Children do not learn love or even who their parents are. From the first year, they are taught warrior codes, and always to fight for what they want. Tharks do not even recognize love or friendship when the concepts are presented to them by John Carter. “Friendship?” asked Tars Tarkas. “There is no such thing.” (p. 62). Dejah laments the loss of love from the Tharks, a race that once mixed with her own to create hybrid Barsoomians.
Burroughs chooses to make the female character of Sola independent, brave and strong (as she is a Thark). Yet, the more ‘civilized’ female character, Dejah (the Barsoomian Princess of Helium), is not either of those things. Carter thinks of her as ‘earthly womanly’, giving that comparison whenever Dejah displays affection, weakness, or abject stupidity (at least, she does not seem that bright to me, the reader). For example, when Dejah convinces herself that Carter is an alien, she does not do so from any deductive reasoning, but rather she says her conviction comes from “her heart telling her to believe because she wishes to believe it”, a logic that Carter deduces is a “good logic, good, earthly, feminine logic.” (p. 48-49).
It seems that Burroughs idea of a Communist society was one in which barbaric pleasures reigned, as the Tharks did nothing but create a menacing picture of a communal faction, unlike the Utopian commune depicted in Gilman’s Herland. Carter’s ideas on ‘real’ women are borderline offensive at times, but probably reflective of the decade in which the novel was written.

Burroughs, Rice, Edgar. A Princess of Mars. Chicago: AC McClurg Publishing. 1917. Print. 

Monday, May 14, 2012

A SF Literary Study isn't complete without "Critical Theory and Science Fiction". And here's why.


File:Avon Science Fiction Reader 3.jpg
An idealized version of what the SF genre is (or was).
Cover of the fantasy fiction magazine

             Avon Science Fiction Reader no. 3 (1952)

           by Frank Belknap Long 

Source: Wikimedia Commons
A comprehensive (and often) exhaustive study on the validity of science fiction in the literary canon. In fact, author Carl Freedman dedicates an entire section of the book to the description, history, and importance of the literary canon and why science fiction works are to be included in the canon.

Freedman’s text redefines science fiction as ‘cognitive estrangement’, as coined by author Darko Suvian. To better understand Suvian’s meaning, a quote is rather necessary: “estrangement ‘differentiates [science fiction] from the realistic literary mainstream’, while cognition differentiates it from myth, the folk tale, and fantasy […] science fiction is determined by the dialectic between estrangement and cognition” (p. 16).

To Freedman, the genre of science fiction is constantly evolving, and it is hard to pinpoint what exactly constitutes the epitome of science fictional text. Freedman’s views of science fiction are so broad (or maybe so idealized) that he believes all general fiction to be a sub-category of science fiction, and not the other way around (p. 20). The expansive reach of the science fiction genre in Freedman’s eyes is boggling. Freedman believes that every fictional text ever written is a sort of science fictional story as well, because some apt descriptions of science fiction say it is the creation of a new world. Arguably, every fictional novel is a ‘new world’ created by the author and the characters that populate it.

In three not-so-short chapters, Freedman takes the reader on a new expedition into the academic world of science fiction. Chapter one is titled “Definitions”, and it does just that; chapter one defines critical theory and science fiction, melding the two together with Freedman’s conclusions (juxtaposed with other academic opinion of course). Chapter Two, “Articulations”, first discusses genre, literary canon, and theory. Then, science fiction is measured against three critical dynamics: style, the historical novel, and utopia. Chapter three, “Excursuses”, give detailed overviews of Solaris, The Dispossessed, The Two of Them, Stars in My Pocket, and The Man in the High Castle.

Lastly, Freedman includes a section that explores critical theory and science fiction and how it may later evolve, as Freedman concedes that “it is in the nature of critical fiction and science fiction to speculate about the future” (p. 181).

Freedman’s section on utopias and feminism make a nice addition to the academic conversation. In that same section, authors Ursula Le Guin and Joanna Russ are compared and contrasted in a very satirical manner: “The basic contrast frequently adduced is between the gentleness of Le Guin’s feminism and the angry militancy of Russ’s” (p. 129). Freedman makes fun of such comparisons, stating that they are responsible for creating further rifts for women in science fiction (or in society in general). He also muses on the fact that for early pulp science fiction of the 1900’s, it was hard for the genre to recognize able-bodied women, or admit the fallacy of phallic dominance (p. 129).

Throughout the book, Freedman’s tone is one that strives to reach the reader, but always falls a little bit short with a myriad of unknown adjectives and a mountain of footnotes on almost every page (even though in the preface Freedman expresses his own dislike of footnotes, on the grounds that it is a ‘pseudoscholarly practice of citing works in order to suggest, truthfully or not, that one has read them’ [p. xx]). Despite that, once the reader is able to follow Freedman’s ideas and take hold of them, his tone is suggestive, humorous, and down-to-earth.

Critical Theory and Science Fiction was published in 2000. That fact only becomes evident in the last section which mentions the evolutionary pattern that will take hold of science fiction, namely, cyberpunk. To an extent, Freedman is correct, so it is a forgivable error in his effort to create a timeless account of the science fiction genre. Since his studies in the book mention books in the literary canon from 1818 until the late 1980’s, the year of publication is nominal in this instance.

Generally, I prefer not to read academic texts unless they are strictly related to what I am studying. Freedman’s book was one that did not let me forget what I was studying, and it was an academic text that I highlighted like a lunatic, madly muttering to myself things like “yes….and yes…” and “of course!”. If future readers can get over the flowery detailed language in the preface, then they will count themselves lucky to have stumbled upon the fascinating overviews provided by Freedman in his three, seventy-five-page chapters.

Freedman is an associate professor of English at Louisiana State University. He is the author of several articles and four non-fiction texts. An excerpt from his book Critical Theory and Science Fiction was chosen as featured text for discussion at the Theory Roundtable of the International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts in 2002. 

Freedman, Carl. Critical Theory and Science Fiction. Middletown, Connecticut: Weslayen University Press, 2000. Print.

Themes in Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein"


File:Frankenstein engraved.jpg
Frontpiece to Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein"
(1831)
By Theodor Von Holst
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Victor Frankenstein is a privileged, intelligent young man from Ingolstadt who is passionate about life and the mysteries of creation. Fueled by this passion, he creates a sentient being. The drawback of Victor’s creation is its visage; the creature is more hideous than any other living thing on Earth, and all who look upon it instinctually draw back in fear.

Loved by no one (especially not Victor), the creature flees to the woods of Germany. There, he becomes literate in both words and love. Though, when he approaches the humans whom he cares most about, they react with predictable horror upon seeing his hideous form. Abandonment and fear are the two constants in the creature’s life. Those two things shape the creature into a demon, one that wishes to visit agony upon his creator by murdering everyone Victor holds dear.

Major themes in this book include humanity’s ever-expanding reach in creating something greater than human. However, as Victor learns, once such a being is created, it cannot be undone as easily as it was put together. There are consequences to creating a creature with human parts, but lacking any other qualities of a human (emotions, sympathies, intelligence). Even when the creature acquires these other human traits, it doesn't make him human in the eyes of others (though he felt himself to be equal to humans).

Another theme in the book is man’s inability to accept that in which he does not understand. Immediately, those who behold the creature spot him as a demon, without even allowing him to speak or act. Even when the creature acts solicitously (replenishing food and firewood, saving a woman from drowning), his actions go unappreciated and are even met with brutal force. Of his personality forming the way it did, the creature says “I cannot believe that I am the same creature whose thoughts were once filled with […] visions of […] goodness. But it is even so; the fallen angel becomes a malignant devil. Yet, even that enemy of God and man had friends […]. I am alone.” (Shelley, p. 124). In a large way, the creature's creator and the world around him are responsible in creating a humanoid monster. 

Shelley, Wollstonecraft, Mary. Frankenstein. London: Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor & Jones, 1818. Print. 

Wednesday, May 9, 2012

Promising new author: Elizabeth Baxter




    
British author Elizabeth Baxter of the new short story collection Circle Spinner is worth taking note of. She has been writing since she was six years old, and Circle Spinner is her debut novel. She has two more novels coming out this summer: Summer Storm and Everwinter.

Synopsis for Circle Spinner
Take a look at my book!Circle Spinner and Other Tales by Elizabeth Baxter 
Five fantasy and science fiction stories that will sweep you to other worlds.


Circle Spinner
Edith longs for a quiet retirement. She longs for her cottage by the sea and the company of her dogs. But the world, it seems, hasn’t done with her yet. For Edith is a Circle Spinner, the only one who can save the city of Shine from the terrifying Pantheon. 6000 words


The Following Star
Angus walks the corridors of a starship with only his dog for company. He guards a precious cargo: a population of colonists searching for a new home. But when a sudden course change threatens the ship, Angus discovers that all is not as it seems. 6000 words


One of those Days 
Simon is a high-flyer. Good job. Nice apartment. It’s not his fault if his company is involved in shady dealings with the fairy realm is it? No, if he keeps his head down and mouth shut, Simon is sure everything will be okay. But the Prince of Fae and his motley band of followers have other ideas. They have Simon in mind for a very special mission. 7000 words

The Blessing of Silence
The game has been played for years uncounted. Sakara has watched players come and go and been powerless to save them. She is a slave. What difference could she possibly make? But when a new player suddenly enters the game, Sakara begins to realize that she holds within her the power to end the game forever. 6000 words

Fallen Angel
Matthew’s faith is unshakable. A soldier in the United Church, he has dedicated his life to hunting demons. But when his latest mission goes wrong he discovers a secret that will cast everything he believes into doubt. 6000 words


Reviews for Circle Spinner from Amazon: 
"This was the first book I got on my new kindle. I didn't want to go straight into a novel because I wasn't sure if I'd like reading off a screen so I went for something shorter first. It was a good move because I really enjoyed the collection and the kindle didn't hurt my eyes after all. My main problem with short stories is that you don't have enough time to get to know the characters but this wasn't an issue here. You get to know all the characters really well and I found myself rooting for them. I liked some stories better than others, and my favorite was probably The Following Star as I loved Dog. I think there's probably something for everyone in this"

"I enjoyed each of the stories as each provided me with a different emotion and sub-genre: danger, sadness, happiness, comedy and action. The titular story was a great start to the collection: great characters from tired Edith to the evil demon Tenoquitil. I loved the relationship between Angus and dog in the Following Star and really enjoyed the humour in One of Those Days. As I intimated before, the collection provides something for different readers. Summer Storm, although of the fantasy genre (as apposed to sci-fi) proved to be an interesting introduction to what promises to be an exciting story. Overall, an easy to read and well written collection."


Baxter has a web blog that she uses to promote her writing, but the added wonder of her blog is that she also uses it to review and promote indie authors. Check out her blog here: http://elizabethbaxter.blogspot.com/

You can purchase Circle Spinner from this Amazon link, or find it via Baxter's webpage. Look for her on Goodreads as well!